Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3

Ammonium carbonate is a white, water-soluble salt used in baking, pharmaceuticals, and various chemical applications, known for releasing ammonia gas when heated or dissolved in water.

Chemical Properties

• Chemical formula: (NH₄)₂CO₃

• Molar mass: 96.09 g/mol

• Appearance: White crystalline solid or powder with a strong ammoniacal odor

• Solubility: Soluble in water; decomposes slowly when exposed to air or moisture

• Decomposition: On heating, ammonium carbonate decomposes to release ammonia (NH₃), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water vapor. 

Uses and Applications

1. Baking (as Baker’s Ammonia): Historically used as a leavening agent in baked goods like cookies, crackers, and traditional European pastries, particularly for thin or dry baked items. It releases CO₂ for rising and ammonia, which evaporates during baking without leaving a bitter taste.

2. Pharmaceuticals: Employed in some cough syrups and smelling salts to stimulate respiration.

3. Chemical reagent: Used in laboratory settings for qualitative analysis and in some cleaning and industrial applications.

4. Other uses: Occasionally used in dyeing fabrics or tanning processes, and in producing ammonium salts in chemical synthesis.

Handling and Safety

• Ammonium carbonate has a strong ammonia odor and can irritate the eyes, respiratory system, and skin.

• It should be stored in a cool, dry, and airtight container, away from acids and moisture, as it can slowly release ammonia gas.

• Avoid inhalation or ingestion in large amounts; in case of exposure, move to fresh air and rinse affected skin or eyes.

Precautions for Use in Food

When used in baking, ammonium carbonate should be applied carefully in recipes suitable for its decomposition profile. It is ideal for aromatic, low-moisture products, as in thicker or more moist baked goods, residual ammonia odor may not fully evaporate.

In summary, ammonium carbonate is a versatile compound valued for its capacity to release gases when heated, making it useful in baking, pharmaceutical, and laboratory applications, but it requires careful handling due to its ammonia content.